895264 Da. The catalytic activity of cerium oxide is dependent upon its structural properties, especially the oxygen vacancy defects. One of its most widely used applications is in the production of optical lenses. The cerium oxide or ceria, which exhibit super photocatalytic activity, can be utilized for photocatalytic degradation of various organic pollutants. S2B shows that the porous. To obtain 5 g of cerium oxide, 12. As an example, to produce 1 tonne of europium oxide from a bastnaesite deposit 450 tonnes of cerium oxide must be processed. 5 microns - 100 Grams - White Visit the Glass Polish Store 4. ChEBI. Infobox references. For stones like quartz and obsidian, maintain a steady speed and pressure. 11 Notes. The recovery of cerium from the glass. Learn how to mix and how to use cerium oxide. It’s also used to coat engine parts and other components, as well as acting as a catalyst. However, information regarding the antiamyloidogenic effect of CeO 2 NPs on globular protein amyloidogenesis is very. In comparison to other existing work, 2% gadolinium doped cerium oxide nanoparticles attained a low overpotential for both half-reactions. For example, high-purity cerium oxide CeO 2 is used to manufacture phosphors and optical materials; the concentration of the main substance in it should be at least 99. 11 percent), cerium-138 (0. Change your buffing pad and apply 300-400 grit diamond glass polishing compound and remove scratches left on the glass. 1. Keep rubbing for about 30 seconds. 1 and 2 a) is a result of Ce 3+ → Ce 4+ oxidation caused by oxygen penetration into nanoceria via. Table 1 (a full list can be found in Table S1) compares the CR of crown ether, phosphinic/phosphonic acid, phosphine oxide, carboxylic acid, amine, and ammonium hydroxide with the functional group (FG) to the ceric ratio (FG/Ce) of 4. 22 m 2 g −1 without affecting their optical absorption properties and increased the photodegradation efficiency of bismuth ferrite from 34% to 77. Organic ligands used for lanthanide extraction were selected to evaluate the ceric retention (CR). However, the hard and brittle nature of single crystal Lu 2 O 3 needs to be overcome during the finishing process. Increasing applications of metal oxide nanoparticles and their release in the natural environment is a serious concern due to their toxic nature. 5 mL of 1 M ammonia (NH 3) aqueous solution was added into the ethylene glycol solution of cerium nitrate. 490K views 6 months ago. Product Name Cerium(IV) oxide, REacton® Cat No. In combination with oxygen in a nanoscale formulation, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) adopt a. Change your buffing pad. Use the SAKRETE 1 lb. From here, the solutions. Product Details. $49. : 21120 CAS-No 12014-56-1 Synonyms No information available Recommended Use Laboratory chemicals. A fine powder rare earth used for fine polishing of ceramics, marble and stone on which it will prod. Introduction. 116. Too much Cerium Oxide is a waste of resources while too little impairs the quality of the end product. The bacteriostatic (prevention of bacterial growth) properties of Ce were first recognised at the end of 19th century [] and paved the way for its incorporation into topical antiseptics in human and veterinary medicine. Cerium oxide (CeO(2)) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are extensively used in a variety of instruments and consumer goods. Of all Ce minerals, cerium dioxide has received much attention in the global nanotechnology. Cerium oxide (CeO 2) is a rare earth oxide material used in many technological applications 1. It was found that the addition of 5% cerium oxide to the composite heterostructure significantly increased the surface area of bismuth ferrite from 8. Nanocrystalline powders of cerium oxide were prepared from cerium(III) nitrate solution by a two-stage precipitation process which yielded weakly-agglomerated powders with a crystallite size smaller than 5 nm. Cerium is. Cerium oxide nanoparticles showed growth inhibition toward all five pathogens tested with notable results. 25 percent), and cerium-136 (0. Suitable for use with any rotary polisher or ele. Have completed 17 hours of polishing with mostly MOT and only the last 5 hours with TOT to get polish to the edge. Product Data: Colour: Cream. Cerium oxide nanoparticles prepared by hydroxide mediated method was having a particle size of 6. At the nanoscale, however, cerium oxide has a mix of cerium in the 3+ and 4+ states on the nanoparticle surface. 2 grams/cc. Charge the wheel or cloth you’re using. Inorganic ion exchangers, mainly hydrous oxides, are the most widely used materials for the separation of medicinal radionuclides. (16 products) A polishing pad is used for a buffing tool. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) are redox-active owing to the coexistence of Ce3+ and Ce4+ oxidation states and to the fact that Ce3+ defects, and the compensating oxygen. Introduction. Cerium oxide can adsorb phosphate at acidic and neutral pH, while lanthanum carbonate, which is a one of popular phosphate binder, does not dissolve at neutral pH. Get it tomorrow, 8 Jul. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NP) are rare earth metal oxide material of the lanthanide elements, which have excellent biocompatibility and unique antioxidant capacity 13,14,15. Ceric oxide is a metal oxide with formula CeO2. The powder of the material was thoroughly grounded in a mortar to obtain very fine particles and the bulk sample in the form of a round pellet (diameter 10 mm; thickness 2 mm) was obtained by finely grinding the CeO 2 powder and then compressing the powder under a. Cerium Oxide, for Industrial. Cerium oxide (Ce 2 O 3 and CeO 2) is a component of the walls of self cleaning ovens and of incandescent lantern mantles. CeOCl was synthesized by solid state reaction of cerium oxide with anhydrous cerium chloride and tested in HCl oxidation using various feed compositions at 703 K. Cerium Oxide-Agate, jasper, chalcedony, quartz, and other hard stones will benefit most from cerium oxide. Cerium Oxide Glass Polisher. The cerium oxide or ceria, which exhibit super photocatalytic activity, can be utilized for photocatalytic degradation of various organic pollutants. About this item. Cerium Oxide Polishing Powder - November 2019 Page 2 of 11 Chemical name Identification No. Melbourne. Hence, this review analyzes the current status of the cerium oxide nanoparticles in the biomedical domain along with its prospects. He extracted it from cerium which had been discovered in 1803. Much attention should be paid to. AR/LR, This material use in Glass, Ceramics, Electronics, Paint & Pigments. Unlike most rare earth metals, cerium can exist in both 3+ and 4+ states []. The present work aimed. The interdependence of mechanical properties, UV absorption property and the dispersed concentration of CeO 2 nanoparticles was investigated. Molecular Weight: 172. Cerium’s solubility in liquid gallium and its alloys is expected to be between 0. [5] 2. Cerium is also extensively used in the film and television industry in carbon. 4. , 2017). Its ability to mimic and replace calcium is presumed to be a major mechanism of its beneficial action. 1,137. Infobox references. Cerium oxide NPs (CeNPs) have been formulated as riveting nanomaterials with excellent biomedical applications. 8. Inset Fig. Cerium oxide is a rare earth oxide that is commonly used in smelting metallic cerium and additives for various materials. The pad can be dampened to help the slurry soak into the pad. The nanoparticles (NPs) with their excellent properties such as miniature size and shape, and high surface to volume ratio. In this way, cerium. Hence, in this present work, gadolinium (Gd) doped cerium oxide (CeO2) was successfully synthesized through a facile co-precipitation method. You can apply glass polisher by hand with a soft cleaning rag. Just make a paste of cerium oxide with a little water and apply it on the tool’s head. In addition, some share of. Then, buff it into the scratches with a microfiber cloth or a buffing pad. The FT-IR spectra of cerium oxide thin films prepared with different surfactants and deposited at 400 °C are shown in Fig. The biological applications of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) have received extensive attention in recent decades. Aldrich - 22390; Cerium(IV) oxide ≥99. CERIUM OXIDE (99. , oxygen vacancies in the lattice structure allow for alternating between CeO2. In 2011, the price of cerium. Chem. Add some of mixture onto glass and polishing pad. 5 mg/m3) 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. Get a clean microfiber cloth damp by placing it under lukewarm water. The nanoparticles are often largely composed of Ce(III) (up to 60% in some cases) as well as Ce(IV); the more Ce(IV) in the nanoparticles, the stronger the catalase mimetic. 64 with Motoring Club premium. Cerium induces ROS and causes stress with benefits or toxicities depending on dose. Gao, F. 116. In an animal study, cerium carbonate, cerium fluoride, and cerium oxide were not found to be acutely toxic, showed no signs of dermal irritation, and were minimally irritating to eyes. Make sure not to use too much water; you want a thick paste consistency. Pure cerium oxide has a fluorite type structure, with a Fm3m spatial group, a structure that is maintained between ambient temperature and its melting point. Mitigation of PFSA membrane chemical degradation using composite cerium oxide–PFSA nanofibres. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties of naked and fixed CNP-containing nanofibers as a potential used to treat P. CeO2 annealed at high temperatures dissolves. 75 g of cerium (III) chloride heptahydrate was measured in weighing balance. Oxide Analysis Formula; CeO2: 100. J. Repeat as needed. Such enhanced glass materials we are pursuing worldwide could reduce. The Lao government imposed a 10% export tariff on rare earth industry. 3b–g shows the EDS spectra of cerium doped zinc oxide nanoparticles with the presence of cerium (Ce), Zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O) in the synthesised sample. Mark about half squaremeter of windscreen. Cerium oxides also serve in the promotion of the industrially important water-gas-shift reaction, and in solid-oxide fuel cells. While recent advances inCerium(IV) oxide Revision Date 24-Dec-2021 Component CAS No Weight % Cerium oxide 1306-38-3 >95 4. It is a nontoxic and thermally stable photocatalyst. The cubic fluorite structure of cerium oxide and crystallite size was confirmed from XRD data and Fig. Conclusion. 12 Ex Tax: £21. 116. By mass, cerium oxide is the most consumed RE and it is widely used as UV blocking agent in PV’s cover [5]. Cerium oxide nanoparticles have been used in a number of non-medical products over the years. 3. 73 Cerium(III) oxalate has been widely used to treat vomiting. , 2011, Erdakos et al. Ceric sulfate (Ce (So 4) 2) is used in some chemical analysis processes. Chemical and physical properties of the synthesized adsorbent were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction technique (PXRD), high-resolution transmission. Apply polish mixture to the polishing pad. 116. Single crystal lutetium oxide (Lu 2 O 3) have drawn intense attention in applications for high performance solid-state lasers because of its excellent thermo-mechanical properties and broad amplification bandwidth. Cerium Oxide is a semiconductor photocatalyst with various applications depending of the band gap range []. Synthesis of CeO 2 powder. Ceria, or mixed oxides containing ceria, are critical components in automotive three-way catalysts due to their. XRD analysis showed the production of pure cubic cerium oxide (Fm 3 ‾ m). 1. Microfibre towel - to wipe off residue after polishing. Cement Color to add color to any concrete, sand and mortar mix project. 9. The Antimicrobial Properties of Cerium-Based Compounds. Cerium (IV) oxide, also known as ceric oxide, ceric dioxide, ceria, cerium oxide or cerium dioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. Uses advised against Food, drug, pesticide or biocidal product use. This study attempted to recover the cerium oxide abrasive from the abrasive–glass polishing waste through removing the polished glass by alkaline. The conclusions allow for new insights into the structure, stability, and. Cerium Oxide is a. The utilisation of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2-NPs) in diesel fuel, combustion catalyst, medicine, coatings, electronics has increased tremendously globally (Bera et al. ChEBI. Polishing Pads. Cerium oxide has also been used as adsorbents for organic dyes, pesticides, and toxic metal ions. 5 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 235 pm. £1. Here, we explore, by means of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) and Raman scattering spectroscopies, thin oxide films, formed on cerium metal during oxidation, under dry vs ambient (humid). Cerium IV oxide (CeO 2, ceria) is used in a wide range of applications, e. Use the cloth to wipe off any debris, then allow the glass to dry. Nanoscale cerium oxide has excellent catalytic performance due to its unique surface properties and has very important applications in various fields. Based on these extraordinary properties, use of CeOCerium oxide is an extensively used industrial catalyst with applications as diverse as catalysts for automobile exhaust, petroleum cracking and organic chemicals synthesis. Effect of particle size on conversion kinetics of cerium oxide into cerium sulfate in acidic solutions (750 rpm agitation speed, 10 mol/dm 3 sulfuric acid concentration, 125°C reaction. Several Ce-carbonate, -phosphate, -silicate, and -(hydr)oxide minerals have been historically mined and processed for pharmaceutical uses and industrial applications. , 2014, Rajan et al. double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp) face-centered cubic (fcc) Cerium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ce and atomic number 58. This video shows how to use our Glass Scratch Removal Kit from the DIY range. 7± 0. Cerium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a hydrothermal approach with citric acid as a stabilizing agent. Glass Polish 90002 Cerium Oxide Fine Grade Glass Polishing Powder - TREO 95% - 2. 15 There are no large differences in the overall oxidation rates of cis - and trans -cyclohexane-1,2-diols and of cis - and trans -cyclopentane-1,2-diols. Cerium Oxide 1kg Bag. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis. Rp55. The tool can then be. 0 out of 5 stars 1,212. A novel cerium oxide phosphate glass ionomer cement was doped with pthalocyanine to evaluate the structural properties and hardness and it was found that with increase in pthalocyanine, there was an increase in hardness. This. Hemocompatible nanoparticles with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging properties for titanium implant surface coatings may eliminate implant failure related to inflammation and bacterial invasion. (174) £10. Investigations have shown that CeO2NPs can stimulate wound closure, tissue regeneration, and scar reduction. Forecast of cerium oxide price globally 2009-2030. Cerium is the most studied among the rare earth elements, mainly due to its positive results in treating corrosion, abundance, easy extraction, and low cost of its salts. Four isotopes occur in nature: stable cerium-140 (88. The cerium atom has a radius of 182. Cerium as the oxide (ceria) was discovered in 1803 by Swedish chemists Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger, working together, and independently by German chemist Martin Klaproth. Cerium Oxide 100gm Bag. Areas of deeply etched glass (red arrow) indicate the former waterline. 2. Cerium oxide, or cerium dioxide, is the most often cream-colored powder (it can also be white or slightly pink). Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) are widely used in various commercial applications because of their characteristic properties. Product Data: Colour: Cream. Several biocompatible materials have been applied for managing soft tissue lesions; cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs, or nanoceria) are among the most promising candidates due to their outstanding properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and angiogenic activities. This small area required about 4 minutes of polishing to remove the etched haze (right). Monoisotopic mass 171. 84. Phase equilibria in the CeO2–La2O3–Ln2O3 system at 1250 and 1500 °С. Effects of cerium exposure on plants were identified through meta-analysis. Also known as greaseless compounds. Cerium oxide has the ability to undergo a transformation from the stoichiometric Ce O 2 (+4) valance state to the C e 2 O 3 (+3) state via a relatively low-energy reaction. Cerium oxide films of preferred orientation are electrodeposited under anodic conditions. Here, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) are applied at different Ce 4+ /Ce 3+ ratios (i. You can use rouge or cerium oxide powder for. : 1306-38-3. Suitable for : All Paint Types. a Includes index. Cerium is the most abundant of rare-earth metals found in the Earth’s crust. The cerium oxide test material was 99% rare earth oxide with a maximum of 75 ppm Fe 2O 3. 99% [5–7]. 5 microns - 100 Grams - White Visit the Glass Polish Store 4. . 9. ChEBI. cerium oxide Is (I think)jewlers rouge, loads about on ebay. Ceric Oxide >99. (16 products) A polishing pad is used for a buffing tool. 43. Nanoscale ceria has some interesting. The oxidation of the Ce appears to be facilitated by the presence of cracking and porosity in the oxide layer. You want enough soak but not too much. PubMed:Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Bulk Cerium Oxide Lead to Different Physiological and Biochemical Responses in Brassica rapa. In this study, CeO2 was successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method with a particle size of about 120 nm, which. The nanoscale form, cerium oxide nanoparticles retain the fluorite structure with oxygen deficiencies. The oxidation–reduction potential of yttrium oxide is higher than cerium oxide (− 2. From the literature survey, the researchers suggested that CeO 2 nanoparticle plays a key role to enhance the performance of an internal combustion (IC) engine by reducing the. 7. They are referred to by their mean diameter size (9, 23, and 64 nm) obtained from TEM image evaluation of 100 single primary particles. 100+ bought in past month. One well known abrasive disk sold for glass scratch removal is the 3M Trizact brand. Due these advantageous properties, cerium oxide has been. 1,137. The temperature of calcination was identified as a critical parameter that governs the key properties, including the polishing efficiency, of the polishing powders; conversely, the time of calcination appears to be less important. The coexistence of trivalent cerium and tetravalent cerium on the surface of nanoceria allows the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has a unique chemical and thermal stability, high conductivity, reliable. The regeneratable changes between Ce3+ and Journal of Materials Chemistry B. Cleaning Stage : Glass. 4. Catalase is one of the most. 5° clearly indicated CeO2. Cerium oxide (CeO 2) nanoparticles or nanoceria have shown potential as catalytic antioxidants in cell cultures and animal models by acting as superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetics [1]. MED4 to nCeO2 at a wide range of concentrations (1 μg L–1 to 100 mg L–1) under simulated natural and nutrient rich growth. The Lao government had high hopes for the rare earth industry. Meepho et al. Avoid the black compound unless necessary, as. The therapeutic application of these nanoparticles has mainly been due to their oxidative stress ameliorating abilities. Particularly, mixed oxides of ceria-zirconia with nanorod morphology were. Cerium is a lanthanoid atom and a f-block element atom. Due to excellent physical and chemical properties, cerium oxide (ceria, CeO2) has attracted much attention in recent years. In addition, the absorption peak at 1636 cm −1 corresponds to. OK, well I've got the screwfix kit. An estimate suggested that the global production. It may come as a powder that needs to be mixed with water. , 2003, Kadowaki et al. The analysis of the size and morphological. Today, we show you how to remove scratches from glass and mirrors using 4 different and simple techniques. Its comparison with. Remarkably, cerium oxide nanoparticles with lower toxicity act as effective antibacterial agents owing to their unique functional mechanism against pathogens through the reversible conversion of oxidation state between Ce(III) and Ce(IV). Feature : Easy to use. 4. It also. Clean the glass. 0%; CAS Number: 1306-38-3; EC Number: 215-150-4; Synonyms: Ceric oxide,Ceric oxide, ceria; Linear Formula: CeO2; find Sigma-Aldrich-22390 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich. This study attempted to recover the cerium oxide abrasive from the abrasive–glass polishing waste through removing the polished glass by alkaline. It is a cerium molecular entity and a metal oxide. Contact may burn skin, eyes or mucous membranes. 116. Yttrium and cerium oxide have catalytic reduction–oxidation properties that allow them to act as catalysts to mimic the reduction–oxidation characteristics of enzymes such as superoxide dismutases (SODs) (Pirmohamed et al. Cerium(IV) oxide Revision Date 24-Dec-2021 Component CAS No Weight % Cerium oxide 1306-38-3 >95 4. It’s also used to coat engine parts and other components, as well as acting as a catalyst. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that cerium oxide has a. We have a selection of options from SIMONIZ, Chemical Guys and more top brands. Or fastest delivery Tomorrow, 7 Sept. Cerium oxide has found its applications in various industries owing to its unique chemical and physical properties. ★★★★★ ★★★★★. , 2018; Song et al. : Synonyms : 2151504 Cerium(IV) Oxide, Ceria, Cerium Dioxide Linear formula: CeO 2 Molecular weight: 172. Popular answers (1) Gerd J Beyer. CAS No. 5075 mg/L (0, 5, 50. Cotton is an important cash crop; however, its yield and product quality are negatively affected by soil salinity. Nov 14, 2023 17:49. , 2021). Cerium chloride was found to be more acutely toxic (LD50 oral - rat - 1291 Ce/kg), and a severe skin irritant. Cerium Oxide powder. 77. Attach the soft polishing pad to the tool in the same way as a normal grinding disc. Cerium Oxide. 1. In the present study, eco-friendly Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) are. Farecla G3 Pro Scratch Remover Liquid 500ml247929. Loose Leaf Buffing Wheel 75mm. metal surface is converted into an oxide. 4. The better way to dissolve CeO2 is using HCl. 49 with Motoring Club premium. 17 with Motoring Club premium. Prior to deposition the alloy had been prepared either by using a standard chemical pretreatment used for aerospace alloys before conversion coating or. Attach the soft polishing pad to the tool in the same way as a normal grinding disc. 5 pm and a Van der Waals radius of 235 pm. Cerium Oxide Powder to remove light scratches and stains from glass Cerium Oxide can be used to remove superficial. £10. It is also known as a strong oxidizing agent and exists as cerium oxide in association with oxygen atoms. 5. Hazardous impurities:. Nevertheless, its use remains attractive for this purpose because of favorable polishing characteristics that are generally not obtainable using conventional fumed or colloidal silica abrasives. From the literature survey, the researchers suggested that CeO 2 nanoparticle plays a key role to enhance the performance of an internal combustion (IC) engine by reducing the. $2159. This item is currently unavailable. 1300 736 393. 2017 doi: 10. This means that any push to increase production and access the value of the HREE metals will drive down the value of the LREE metals leading to diminishing returns . The electrolyzer is a key component that can convert excess. A literary perspective on cerium. 45 percent) and radioactive cerium-142 (11. The diffraction peaks assigned to cerium oxides are not detected, possibly due to its small amount and/or the overlapping of anatase and cerium oxide peaks. Cerium oxide. Before and after photographs showing a 6. In this study, we have proposed the first synthesis process of CeO2@Ag core/shell nanoparticles NPs by laser ablation in water. This set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name. 1. Mount pad/wheel in the drill and apply to work area. Anda bisa melakukan perawatan kaca dari mobil Toyota kesayangan di bengkel. For the synthesis of nanoparticles, the laser ablation method was used. ₹ 600/ Kg Get Latest Price. Filter & Sort. ISBN 9780128156612, 9780128156629. This is time-consuming work. Two types of cerium oxides are possible: (1) Cerium dioxide (CeO 2) and Cerium sesquioxide (Ce 2 O 3) but CeO 2 is the more stable form and hence utilized more as compared to Ce 2 O 3. It was established in the earliest work on CeO X (111). Citric acid adsorption onto the nanoceria particle surface can cease particle formation and create a stable dispersion for an extended shelf life. , 2017 ). Cerium(III) oxide, also known as cerium oxide, cerium trioxide, cerium sesquioxide, cerous oxide or dicerium trioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. Four different nanoshapes of cerium dioxide have been prepared (polycrystals, rods, cubes, and octahedra) and have been decorated with different metals (Ru, Pd, Au, Pt, Cu, and Ni) by incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) and ball milling (BM) methods. 4. 100+ bought in past month. Apply the paste to the glass scratches in a circular motion for 30 seconds. The number of electrons in each of cerium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2 and its electron configuration is [Xe]4f 2 6s 2. The process variables were sputtering time, input power and R (Ar/O2) ratio. Work in that area only. Use a Selvyt cloth (P6522) and rub over the scratch in a circular motion, wash of with water and repeat. Oxidation of cerium metal is a complex process which is strongly affected by the presence of water vapor in the oxidative atmosphere. £995 (£199. catalyst in redox processes), and in the preservation of surfaces against oxidation or UV irradiation []. The contents of cerium oxide in the polishing powders vary over a relatively broad range from ca. 00 Oxide Weight: 172. , 0. PubMed:Effects of uncoated and citric acid coated cerium oxide nanoparticles, bulk. Cerium is the most studied among the rare earth elements, mainly due to its positive results in treating corrosion, abundance, easy extraction, and low cost of its salts.